@article{Sauter2025,

title = {Seeing past distractions in visual search.},

author = {Marian Sauter},

doi = {10.1037/xhp0001284},

issn = {1939-1277},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-00},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {693--695},

publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stefani2025b,

title = {Differential effects of task difficulty on target-type switching in haptic foraging: Evidence for increased switching with extreme task demands},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Wolfgang Mack and Marian Sauter},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-025-03064-z},

issn = {1943-393X},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-04-10},

journal = {Atten Percept Psychophys},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Abstract

          This study investigated how varying difficulty levels modulate haptic foraging performance and search behavior. Thirty-three blindfolded participants had to locate and remove 20 target objects within three conditions \textendash easy feature, conjunction, and hard feature \textendash defined by target-distractor similarity. Response times and target-type switching were measured, and errors were recorded but remained very low across all conditions. Results revealed that higher task difficulty was associated with longer response times. Although participants switched between target types frequently in both the easy and the hard feature conditions, they switched significantly less often in the conjunction condition. This suggests that tasks requiring multiple feature dimensions to distinguish targets from distractors elicit more top-down-driven sequential searching, whereas distinctly defined targets permit more frequent shifts driven by salient cues. Practice effects emerged as participants performed each condition faster when they had already practiced different search conditions. These findings show that haptic search behavior, like visual foraging, is shaped by the interplay of top-down and bottom-up processes. They further highlight that tactile and visual systems may share common representational pathways and that practical considerations, such as target similarity and prior experience, play a crucial role in task efficiency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stefani2025,

title = {Multi-tasking costs in triple-task performance despite dual-task preparation},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.3758/s13421-024-01674-w},

issn = {1532-5946},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-28},

journal = {Mem Cogn},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Abstract

          This study explores multi-tasking by examining the effects of transitioning from dual-task to triple-task scenarios. Our research extends beyond conventional dual-task paradigms to investigate the impact of triple-task performance on two participant groups: those unprepared in single, dual, or triple tasks (N = 14) and those previously prepared in single and dual tasks (N = 13). The study consisted of a preparation phase with nine sessions and an assessment phase with eight sessions. In the assessment phase, both groups performed single, dual, and triple tasks of varying complexity (simple, medium, and complex). Despite the initial advantage observed in the prepared group, this advantage diminished throughout the sessions. Notably, both groups adopted distinct strategies for processing within the triple task, revealing the influence of task coordination on response times as the task set combinations expanded. The study demonstrates that preparation in the form of pre-training can facilitate applying skills acquired from specific tasks to others, with the formation of specific task pair sets playing a pivotal role in processing and coordination. Despite extensive preparation, the persistence of multi-tasking costs challenges traditional assumptions about eliminating such costs through practice. In conclusion, our research contributes to the current understanding of multi-tasking by highlighting the need for further exploration into inter(sub)task coordination and prioritization in multiple-task scenarios. The study underscores the complexities inherent in managing triple tasks and individuals' potential strategies. The findings suggest that ongoing refinement of cognitive models from dual tasks is necessary to accommodate multi-tasking behaviors in more complex environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2024speed,

title = {Speed and Reliability of Touch vs Mouse Inputs in Visual Foraging},

author = {Marian Sauter},

doi = {10.1515/psych-2024-0001},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Open Psychology},

volume = {6},

number = {1},

pages = {20240001},

publisher = {De Gruyter},

abstract = {Traditional visual attention research predominantly employs a visual search paradigm focused on identifying a single target within a scene. This approach, however, may not fully encapsulate the complexities of natural environmental interactions, which often involve multiple decisions and actions. Addressing this gap, recent advancements have introduced touch-screen-based foraging tasks, where participants are required to identify and cancel multiple targets through tactile interaction. Despite its intuitive appeal, the widespread adoption of this methodology has been limited. This article explores the computer mouse as a viable alternative for target cancellation in such foraging tasks. We conducted an experiment comparing search performance between touch and mouse inputs in a visual foraging task, requiring participants to locate and interact with a known target multiple times under various search types. Our findings indicate that while mouse responses are marginally slower, the variance in response times is consistent across both input modalities. Contrary to expectations, we observed no significant disadvantages when employing the mouse as opposed to touch screens. The results suggest that the computer mouse is a competent and underutilized tool in visual attention research, offering a comparable and effective alternative to touch-based devices for complex search tasks.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{foucher2024independent,

title = {Independent Comparative Evaluation of the Pupil Neon-A New Mobile Eye-tracker 2},

author = {Valentin Foucher and Alina Krug and Marian Sauter},

doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/3KC5T},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

publisher = {OSF},

abstract = {to the rapid adoption of (mobile) eye-tracking devices in both academic and consumer11research, it becomes more important that the increasing number of datasets is based on12reliable recordings. This study provides an independent evaluation of the Pupil Neon (Pupil13Labs GmbH), one of the newest and most affordable mobile eye-trackers, by comparing its14performance on a variety of tasks to the EyeLink 1000 Plus (SR Research Ltd.). Using15Ehinger et al. (2019)’s test battery, a set of 10 tasks evaluated the accuracy and its decay16over time of some of the most common eye-tracking-related parameters: fixations, saccades,17smooth pursuit, pupil dilation, microsaccades, blinks, and the influence of head motion on18accuracy. Gaze position, eye movements and pupil diameter associated with each task were19recorded simultaneously by the two eye-trackers and compared concurrently. The results20provide some ideas on what singularities should be expected by the newer Pupil Neon for21the recording of specific eye movements or the performance in various kinds of tasks},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{saalwirth2024eye,

title = {Eye-tracking analysis of attentional disengagement in phobic and non-phobic individuals},

author = {Christina Saalwirth and Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-024-02968-6},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},

pages = {1\textendash16},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {This study investigated threat-related attention biases using a new visual search paradigm with eye tracking, which allows for measuring attentional disengagement in isolation. This is crucial as previous studies have been unable to distinguish between engagement, disengagement, and behavioral freezing. Thirty-three participants (Mage = 28.75 years, SD = 8.98; 21 women) with self-reported specific phobia (spiders, snakes, and pointed objects) and their matched controls (Mage = 28.38 years, SD = 8.66; 21 women) took part in the experiment. The participants were instructed to initially focus on a picture in the center of the screen, then search for a target picture in an outer circle consisting of six images, and respond via a button press whether the object in the target picture was oriented to the left or right. We found that phobic individuals show delayed disengagement and slower decision times compared with non-phobic individuals, regardless of whether the stimulus was threat-related or neutral. These results indicate that phobic individuals tend to exhibit poorer attentional control mechanisms and problems inhibiting irrelevant information. We also confirmed a threat-unrelated shared feature effect with complex stimuli (delayed disengagement when an attended stimulus and an unattended target share common stimulus features). This process might play a role in various experimental setups investigating attentional disengagement that has not yet been considered. These findings are important, as good attentional control may serve as a protective mechanism against anxiety disorders.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stefani2023,

title = {Relative contributions of oculomotor capture and disengagement to distractor-related dwell times in visual search},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-43604-x},

issn = {2045-2322},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-00},

urldate = {2023-12-00},

journal = {Sci Rep},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {\<jats:title\>Abstract\</jats:title\>\<jats:p\>In visual search, attention is reliably captured by salient distractors and must be actively disengaged from them to reach the target. In such attentional capture paradigms, dwell time is measured on distractors that appear in the periphery (e.g., on a random location on a circle). Distractor-related dwell time is typically thought to be largely due to stimulus-driven processes related to oculomotor capture dynamics. However, the extent to which oculomotor capture and oculomotor disengagement contribute to distractor dwell time has not been known because standard attentional capture paradigms cannot decouple these processes. In the present study, we used a novel paradigm combining classical attentional capture trials and delayed disengagement trials. We measured eye movements to dissociate the capture and disengagement mechanisms underlying distractor dwell time. We found that only two-thirds of distractor dwell time (~ 52 ms) can be explained by oculomotor capture, while one-third is explained by oculomotor disengagement (~ 18 ms), which has been neglected or underestimated in previous studies. Thus, oculomotor disengagement (goal-directed) processes play a more significant role in distractor dwell times than previously thought.\</jats:p\>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lau2023revisiting,

title = {Revisiting the Watching eyes effect: how emotional expressions, sex, and age of watching eyes influence stereotypical statement endorsement},

author = {Wee Kiat Lau and Marian Sauter and Cihan Bulut and Lisa Valentina Eberhardt and Anke Huckauf},

doi = {10.1515/psych-2022-0135},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Open Psychology},

volume = {5},

number = {1},

pages = {20220135},

publisher = {De Gruyter},

abstract = {The watching eyes effect has been shown to influence prosocial and antisocial behaviors. However, the eye characteristics which induce this effect remain unclear. This study explored how emotional expressions (anger, fear, happy, neutral), age (old, young), and sex (male, female) of eye images affect antisocial behavior, measured by stereotype endorsement. Participants rated their endorsement of 36 stereotype statements about race, gender, and religion topics, each paired with an eye image. Our findings indicated that stereotype endorsement did not differ significantly between neutral eye images and control flower images. We then used neutral eyes as control images to evaluate stereotype endorsement when being watched by eyes with other expressions. When comparing endorsement across age and sex in each expression, the data revealed higher endorsement for angry old male eyes and for happy young eyes (males and females), and lower endorsement for fearful eyes, except for old fearful female eyes. Therefore, varying the emotional expression, sex, and age of the eye images used in the watching eyes effect paradigm influences stereotype endorsement. To further unravel the underlying mechanisms behind the watching eyes effect, we encourage future research to explore how varying characteristics of the eyes affect responses/behaviors like stereotype endorsement.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lau2023psychological,

title = {Psychological privacy: How perceptual publicity can support perceived publicity},

author = {Wee Kiat Lau and Lisa Valentina Eberhardt and Marian Sauter and Anke Huckauf},

doi = {10.1145/3629041},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Interactions},

volume = {30},

number = {6},

pages = {8\textendash9},

publisher = {ACM New York, NY, USA},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lau2022d,

title = {Small Pupils Lead to Lower Judgements of a Person’s Characteristics for Exaggerated, but Not for Realistic Pupils},

author = {Wee Kiat Lau and Marian Sauter and Anke Huckauf},

doi = {10.3390/bs12080283},

issn = {2076-328X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-00},

urldate = {2022-08-00},

journal = {Behavioral Sciences},

volume = {12},

number = {8},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Our eyes convey information about a person. The pupils may provide information regarding our emotional states when presented along with different emotional expressions. We examined the effects of pupil size and vergence on inferring other people’s characteristics in neutral expression eyes. Pupil sizes were manipulated by overlaying black disks onto the pupils of the original eye images. The disk area was then changed to create small, medium, and large pupils. Vergence was simulated by shifting the medium-sized disks nasally in one eye. Pupil sizes were exaggerated for Experiment 1 and followed values from the literature for Experiment 2. The first Purkinje image from the eye photos in Experiment 2 was kept to preserve image realism. The characteristics measured were sex, age, attractiveness, trustworthiness, intelligence, valence, and arousal. Participants completed one of two online experiments and rated eight eye pictures with differently sized pupils and with vergence eyes. Both experiments were identical except for the stimuli designs. Results from Experiment 1 revealed rating differences between pupil sizes for all characteristics except sex, age, and arousal. Specifically, eyes with extremely small pupil sizes and artificial vergence received the lowest ratings compared to medium and large pupil sizes. Results from Experiment 2 only indicated weak effects of pupil size and vergence, particularly for intelligence ratings. We conclude that the pupils can influence how characteristics of another person are perceived and may be regarded as important social signals in subconscious social interaction processes. However, the effects may be rather small for neutral expressions.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2022equal,

title = {Equal quality for online and lab data: A direct comparison from two dual-task paradigms},

author = {Marian Sauter and Maximilian Stefani and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.1515/psych-2022-0003},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Open Psychology},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {47\textendash59},

publisher = {De Gruyter},

abstract = { Conducting  behavioral  experiments  online  has  become  more  prevalent  recently.  Still,  there  is  reluctance  to  embrace  the  possibilities  this  technology  has  to  offer.  So  far,  only  simple  tasks  have  been  replicated  in  an  online  setting. In order to investigate whether collecting online also leads to high quality data in demanding tasks, we directly compared data collected in the lab with data collected online from a demanding dual-task paradigm and a psychological refractory  period  paradigm.  In  Experiment  1,  we  recruited  from  local  pools,  online  and  offline;  in  Experiment  2,  we  collected lab data from our local pool and online data from a remote commercial participant platform. We found that all relevant effects were replicated in the lab and online settings; effect sizes were similar. Additionally, most response time  distributions  were  even  statistically  equivalent  when  comparing  online  and  lab  data.  Thus,  online  effect  sizes  and variances can be comparable to lab-based data. Online studies are time-efficient and recruiting an online sample instead or on top of a laboratory sample should be considered for basic behavioral research. This can serve an important role in the generalizability and replicability of findings in the cognitive and behavioral sciences},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stefani2022transferability,

title = {Transferability of cost reduction from dual-tasks to a triple-task\textendashA comparison of new and trained participants},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-1802747/v1},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

abstract = {Dual-task paradigms have dominated multitasking research in recent decades. However, recent research has shown that adding a third task to a standard dual-task is not just an add-on (Stefani et al., accepted). Response times and error rates increased more than twofold for the triple-task compared to dual-tasks. It seems that task coordination plays a crucial role in multiple task processing. In the present study, we sought to narrow the gap between lab-based and real-world applications, as the prediction of current cognitive models is still restricted. In Experiment 1, we trained participants in a location-hand and pitch-voice dual-task for up to nine sessions. In another eight sessions, this was followed by a triple-task training (location-hand, pitch-voice, and color-feet) in Experiment 2. In addition, participants with no prior knowledge of dual- or triple-task also trained the triple-task in eight sessions. In E2, all single-tasks and all possible dual-task combinations were also trained. We could demonstrate that participants who had previously trained dual-tasks benefited from them in E2. However, they could not gain a significant advantage in the new third single-task (responding to color stimuli with their foot). In the last session, no difference in training status could be detected anymore. In general, the higher demands on the coordination of subtasks seem to have a much greater impact on response times than in dual-tasks, which is given little to no consideration in the current multitasking research.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stefani2022expanding,

title = {Expanding dual-task research by a triple-task},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter and Franziska Eichert and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.1515/psych-2022-0008},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Open Psychology},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {152\textendash174},

publisher = {De Gruyter},

abstract = {Multitasking research in the laboratory is dominated by extremely simplistic dual-task paradigms. Although dual-tasks  allow  for  some  variations,  they  do  not  compare  well  to  more  complex  everyday  task  settings.  This  study  expands a classical dual-task paradigm by adding a third task. The dual-tasks and the triple-task always consisted of the same three single tasks. The aim was to investigate the effects of the combinations of the three single-tasks and in which manner  response  times  and  costs  increased.  Stimulus-response  pairings  were  varied  either  once  within  participants  (E1) or between participants (E2). Our results showed that the increase in response time from dual-tasks to triple-tasks was only 43% of the increase from single-tasks to dual-tasks suggesting a non-linear cost of adding tasks. Moreover, response  times  in  each  subtask  were  higher  in  triple-task  situations  compared  to  single-task  or  dual-task  situations.  This is in contrast to classical dual-tasks, in which typically only one of the two responses is delayed. Cognitively, for costs  in  triple-tasks,  unlike  in  dual-tasks,  task  coordination  seems  to  play  a  larger  role  compared  to  the  classically  suggested relationships between stimulus and response in terms of their modality- and ideomotor-compatibility which we will discuss. Overall, the study demonstrates that current multitasking research is limited in its generalizability by focusing only on dual-tasks and would benefit from research with more complex task settings},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2021social,

title = {Social context and gaming motives predict mental health better than time played: an exploratory regression analysis with over 13,000 video game players},

author = {Marian Sauter and Tina Braun and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.1089/cyber.2020.0234},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking},

volume = {24},

number = {2},

pages = {94--100},

publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New~…},

abstract = {Video gaming has become massively adopted over the last years and Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been noted as an increasing mental health problem. In this context, earlier studies focused on raw playtime (number of hours). Later studies also incorporated gaming motives while social contexts were not considered directly. Because social inclusion is one of the most powerful predictors of general mental health, in this study, we focused on the social context in which games are played. The sample consisted of 13,464 participants from 109 different countries, who played an average of ∼22 hours per week. Psychological well-being was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 questionnaire, and the Social Phobia Inventory. We found that raw playtime is an uninformative predictor of a gamer's mental health and believe that earlier studies with smaller sample sizes may have overestimated its influence. Gaming motives (achievement and escapism, in particular) were generally found to be predictive. Of importance, the social context in which gamers play had large influence on their mental health and can potentially, in combination with the gaming motives, serve as a powerful predictor of clinically relevant at-risk groups in gaming.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2021eye,

title = {Post-capture processes contribute to statistical learning of distractor locations in visual search},

author = {Marian Sauter and Nina Maria Hanning and Heinrich Ren\'{e} Liesefeld and Hermann J M\"{u}ller},

doi = {10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.016},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Cortex},

volume = {135},

pages = {108--126},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {People can learn to ignore salient distractors that occur frequently at particular locations, making them interfere less with task performance. This effect has been attributed to learnt suppression of the likely distractor locations at a pre-selective stage of attentional-priority computation. However, rather than distractors at frequent (vs rare) locations being just less likely to capture attention, attention may possibly also be disengaged faster from such distractors \textendash a post-selective contribution to their reduced interference. Eye-movement studies confirm that learnt suppression, evidenced by a reduced rate of oculomotor capture by distractors at frequent locations, is a major factor, whereas the evidence is mixed with regard to a role of rapid disengagement However, methodological choices in these studies limited conclusions as to the contribution of a post-capture effect. Using an adjusted design, here we positively establish the rapid-disengagement effect, while corroborating the oculomotor-capture effect. Moreover, we examine distractor-location learning effects not only for distractors defined in a different visual dimension to the search target, but also for distractors defined within the same dimension, which are known to cause particularly strong interference and probability-cueing effects. Here, we show that both oculomotor-capture and disengagement dynamics contribute to this pattern. Additionally, on distractor-absent trials, the slowed responses to targets at frequent distractor locations\textemdashthat we observe only in same-, but not different-, dimension conditions\textemdasharise pre-selectively, in prolonged latencies of the very first saccade. This supports the idea that learnt suppression is implemented at a different level of priority computation with same-versus different-dimension distractors.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sauter2020g,

title = {Towards Interactive Search: Investigating Visual Search in a Novel Real-World Paradigm},

author = {Marian Sauter and Maximilian Stefani and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.3390/brainsci10120927},

issn = {2076-3425},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-00},

journal = {Brain Sciences},

volume = {10},

number = {12},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {An overwhelming majority of studies on visual search and selective attention were conducted using computer screens. There are arguably shortcomings in transferring knowledge from computer-based studies to real-world search behavior as findings are based on viewing static pictures on computer screens. This does not go well with the dynamic and interactive nature of vision in the real world. It is crucial to take visual search research to the real world in order to study everyday visual search processes. The aim of the present study was to develop an interactive search paradigm that can serve as a “bridge” between classical computerized search and everyday interactive search. We based our search paradigm on simple LEGO® bricks arranged on tabletop trays to ensure comparability with classical computerized visual search studies while providing room for easily increasing the complexity of the search environment. We found that targets were grasped slower when there were more distractors (Experiment 1) and there were sizable differences between various search conditions (Experiment 2), largely in line with classical visual search research and revealing similarities to research in natural scenes. Therefore, our paradigm can be seen as a valuable asset complementing visual search research in an environment between computerized search and everyday search.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stefani2020delayed,

title = {Delayed disengagement from irrelevant fixation items: Is it generally functional?},

author = {Maximilian Stefani and Marian Sauter and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-019-01926-x},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},

pages = {1--18},

publisher = {Springer US},

abstract = {In a circular visual search paradigm, the disengagement of attention is automatically delayed when a fixated but irrelevant center item shares features of the target item. Additionally, if mismatching letters are presented on these items, response times (RTs) are slowed further, while matching letters evoke faster responses (Wright, Boot, \& Brockmole, 2015a). This is interpreted as a functional reason of the delayed disengagement effect in terms of deeper processing of the fixation item. The purpose of the present study was the generalization of these findings to unfamiliar symbols and to linear instead of circular layouts. Experiments 1 and 2 replicated the functional delayed disengagement effect with letters and symbols. In Experiment 3, the search layout was changed from circular to linear and only saccades from left to right had to be performed. We did not find supportive data for the proposed functional nature of the effect. In Experiments 4 and 5, we tested whether the unidirectional saccade decision, a potential blurring by adjacent items, or a lack of statistical power was the cause of the diminished effects in Experiment 3. With increased sample sizes, the delayed disengagement effect as well as its functional underpinning were now observed consistently. Taken together, our results support prior assumptions that delayed disengagement effects are functionally rooted in a deeper processing of the fixation items. They also generalize to unfamiliar symbols and linear display layouts.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2020building,

title = {Building, hosting and recruiting: A brief introduction to running behavioral experiments online},

author = {Marian Sauter and Dejan Draschkow and Wolfgang Mack},

doi = {10.3390/brainsci10040251},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Brain sciences},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {251},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},

abstract = {Researchers have ample reasons to take their experimental studies out of the lab and into the online wilderness. For some, it is out of necessity, due to an unforeseen laboratory closure or difficulties in recruiting on-site participants. Others want to benefit from the large and diverse online population. However, the transition from in-lab to online data acquisition is not trivial and might seem overwhelming at first. To facilitate this transition, we present an overview of actively maintained solutions for the critical components of successful online data acquisition: creating, hosting and recruiting. Our aim is to provide a brief introductory resource and discuss important considerations for researchers who are taking their first steps towards online experimentation.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2019transfer,

title = {Learning to suppress salient distractors in the target dimension: Region-based inhibition is persistent and transfers to distractors in a nontarget dimension.},

author = {Marian Sauter and Heinrich Ren\'{e} Liesefeld and Hermann J M\"{u}ller},

doi = {10.1037/xlm0000691},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition},

volume = {45},

number = {11},

pages = {2080},

publisher = {American Psychological Association},

abstract = {It was shown previously that observers can learn to exploit an uneven spatial distribution of singleton distractors to better shield visual search from distractors in the frequent versus the rare region (i.e., distractor location probability cueing; Sauter, Liesefeld, Zehetleitner, \& M\"{u}ller, 2018). However, with distractors defined in the same dimension as the search target, this comes at the cost of impaired detection of targets in the frequent region. In 3 experiments, the present study investigated the learning and unlearning of distractor location probability cueing and the carry-over of cueing effects from same- to different-dimension distractors. All experiments involved a visual search for an orientation-defined singleton target in the presence of either a more salient color-defined (different-dimension) or orientation-defined (same-dimension) distractor singleton, and all were divided into a learning session and a subsequent test session. The present study showed that with same-dimension (but not with different-dimension) distractors, the acquired cueing effect persists over a 24-h break between the training and test session and takes several hundred trials to be unlearned when the distribution is changed to even (50%/50%) in the test session. Furthermore, the target location effect as well as (somewhat less marked) the cueing effect carries over from learning with same-dimension distractors to test with different-dimension distractors. These carry-over effects are in line with the assumption that the learned distractor suppression effects are implemented at different levels in the hierarchical architecture of search guidance: the saliency map with same-dimension distractors versus a dimension-based level below the saliency map with different-dimension distractors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sauter2018f,

title = {Region-based shielding of visual search from salient distractors: Target detection is impaired with same- but not different-dimension distractors},

author = {Marian Sauter and Heinrich Ren\'{e} Liesefeld and Michael Zehetleitner and Hermann J. M\"{u}ller},

doi = {10.3758/s13414-017-1477-4},

issn = {1943-393X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-00},

urldate = {2018-04-00},

journal = {Atten Percept Psychophys},

volume = {80},

number = {3},

pages = {622--642},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Shielding visual search against interference from salient distractors becomes more efficient over time for display regions where distractors appear more frequently, rather than only rarely Goschy, Bakos, M\"{u}ller, \& Zehetleitner (Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1195, 2014). We hypothesized that the locus of this learned distractor probability-cueing effect depends on the dimensional relationship of the to-be-inhibited distractor relative to the to-be-attended target. If the distractor and target are defined in different visual dimensions (e.g., a color-defined distractor and orientation-defined target, as in Goschy et al. (Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1195, 2014), distractors may be efficiently suppressed by down-weighting the feature contrast signals in the distractor-defining dimension Zehetleitner, Goschy, \& M\"{u}ller (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38: 941\textendash957, 2012), with stronger down-weighting being applied to the frequent- than to the rare-distractor region. However, given dimensionally coupled feature contrast signal weighting (cf. M\"{u}ller J, Heller \& Ziegler (Perception \& Psychophysics 57:1\textendash17, 1995), this dimension-(down-)weighting strategy would not be effective when the target and the distractors are defined within the same dimension. In this case, suppression may operate differently: by inhibiting the entire frequent-distractor region on the search-guiding master saliency map. The downside of inhibition at this level is that, although it reduces distractor interference in the inhibited (frequent-distractor) region, it also impairs target processing in that region\textemdasheven when no distractor is actually present in the display. This predicted qualitative difference between same- and different-dimension distractors was confirmed in the present study (with 184 participants), thus furthering our understanding of the functional architecture of search guidance, especially regarding the mechanisms involved in shielding search from the interference of distractors that consistently occur in certain display regions.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{sauter2017n2pc,

title = {Learning to shield visual search from salient distractors: Evidence from the N2pc component},

author = {Marian Sauter and Heinrich Liesefeld and Hermann M\"{u}ller},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {17},

number = {10},

pages = {1137--1137},

publisher = {The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sauter2016,

title = {Learning to shield visual search from salient distractors: qualitative differences in location probability cueing between same- and cross-dimensional distractors},

author = {Marian Sauter and Michael Zehetleitner and Hermann M\"{u}ller},

doi = {10.1167/16.12.1290},

issn = {1534-7362},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-31},

journal = {Journal of Vision},

volume = {16},

number = {12},

publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soutschek2015,

title = {The Importance of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex for Strategic Decision Making in the Prisoner’s Dilemma},

author = {Alexander Soutschek and Marian Sauter and Torsten Schubert},

doi = {10.3758/s13415-015-0372-5},

issn = {1531-135X},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-00},

urldate = {2015-12-00},

journal = {Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci},

volume = {15},

number = {4},

pages = {854--860},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Previous functional imaging studies investigating the neural basis of strategic decision making in the prisoner’s dilemma reported a correlation between cooperative behavior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity; however, the precise function of the DLPFC in establishing cooperation remains unclear so far. The present study investigated the causal role of the DLPFC in an iterative prisoner’s dilemma game with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We discovered that disrupting the DLPFC with TMS decreased cooperation rates in comparison to control conditions, with this effect being most pronounced when the partner had defected previously. Thus, the current results suggest that the DLPFC contributes to strategic decision making in the prisoner’s dilemma game.



},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}